- Hare(as the philosopher whose theory is being discussed)
- R.M. Hare was a 20th-century British philosopher who developed a theory about how moral language works, arguing that when we make moral judgments we're really giving prescriptions (like commands or recommendations) about how people should act.
- Inferential embedding problem(the specific problem Russell's theory cannot solve)
- A logical puzzle about whether moral statements can work the same way in complex sentences as they do in simple sentences (for example, in 'if X is good, then Y is good').
- Logical entailments(the logical connections between moral sentences)
- When one statement logically forces another statement to be true—like 'all dogs are animals' entails 'my dog is an animal.'
- Moral sentences(The statement discusses what moral sentences express)
- Statements about right and wrong, like 'honesty is good' or 'cruelty is bad.'
- Russell
- # Russell
Russell most commonly refers to **Bertrand Russell**, a highly influential British philosopher, logician, and social critic (1872-1970) who fundamentally changed how we think about logic, language, and knowledge. He's famous for showing that common-sense reasoning can contain hidden contradictions and for arguing that philosophy should use the precision of mathematics to solve problems. Russell also became a prominent public intellectual who wrote about everything from religion to nuclear weapons, making him one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century.
- prescriptivism(Hare's metaethical theory)
- The view that moral judgments function as general commands, such that accepting a moral judgment directed at oneself involves an intention to act in accordance with it