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    Hartmann's claim that all ontological differences are cat... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→All ontological differences are categorial articulations of being, not differences between being and non-being.

    Hartmann's claim that all ontological differences are categorial therefore presupposes the very univocity of being that the Scholastic esse-essentia tradition was specifically designed to reject.

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    Key Terms

    Categorial(as how Aquinas and Albertus Magnus understood principiation)
    Organized into distinct categories or types, where things are divided into separate groups based on their characteristics.
    Hartmann(the philosopher whose theory is being evaluated in this statement)
    Nicolai Hartmann was a 20th-century German philosopher who developed theories about how knowledge and reality relate to each other.
    Ontological
    "Ontological" refers to questions about what actually exists or is real. It's concerned with the fundamental nature of being—asking "What kinds of things are there?" rather than "How do we know about them?" For example, an ontological question might be whether numbers, ideas, or God actually exist as real things, or if they're just human inventions.
    Presupposes(as describing what Plantinga's argument takes for granted)
    Assumes something to be true without proving it—like how an argument might presuppose that logic works, without first arguing that logic is valid.

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    Scholastic(describes the philosophical tradition being discussed)
    A style of philosophy developed in medieval Europe that tried to combine Christian theology with the logical methods of ancient Greek philosophers.
    Univocity of being(metaphysics)
    The idea that the word 'being' or 'existence' means the same thing in all contexts, rather than having different meanings when applied to different things.
    esse-essentia(the key concept the Scholastic tradition developed)
    A Latin phrase meaning 'existence-essence'—the idea that in some things, what they are (their essence) is different from the fact that they exist (their existence).

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    All ontological differences are categorial articulations of being, not differenc...

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