Henry Shue's foundational distinction between subsistence and luxury emissions entails that only survival-level emissions can be morally justified under conditions of genuine scarcity.

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Foundational distinction(describing Shue's core idea): A basic, fundamental difference between two things that serves as the starting point for understanding a larger argument.
Genuine scarcity(the condition under which the moral justification applies): A real situation where there truly aren't enough resources to go around—not just a shortage created by poor choices or distribution.
Henry Shue(as a contributor to theories of just distribution of environmental resources): A philosopher and human rights theorist who has written extensively about climate change, arguing that basic human rights—like access to clean air—must be protected in environmental policy.
Morally justified(ethics): An action is morally justified when it's the right thing to do—when the reasons supporting it are stronger than the reasons against it.

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