Hesse's (1966) material theory of analogy shows that horizontal relations of resemblance alone can license analogical inference without requiring vertical causal associations in the source domain.

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Analogical inference(the main subject of the philosophical statement): A type of reasoning where you conclude that if two things are similar in some ways, they're probably similar in other ways too—like arguing that because a new smartphone is like the previous model in design, it probably works similarly.
Hesse, Mary(the author being cited for a theory about analogy): A British philosopher of science (1924-2016) who developed influential theories about how we use analogies and models to understand the world.
Horizontal relations of resemblance(what can support analogical reasoning according to Hesse): Similarities between two things at the same level—basically, how alike two things are to each other in terms of their shared features.
Material theory of analogy(the main theory being discussed): A way of understanding how analogies work by focusing on the actual content and relationships between things, rather than just their surface-level similarities.

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