Holmes Rolston III's account of systemic value holds that ecosystems generate and sustain value independently of any sentient valuer, grounding intrinsic natural value in biological and evolutionary processes rather than in felt experience.
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(another type of value used to justify environmental ethics)
The importance of something because it's part of a larger system that works together—like how a single bee matters because it's part of an ecosystem.
evolutionary processes(as used in biology and philosophy of mind)
Changes that happen to living things over long periods of time because traits that help survival get passed down to offspring, while traits that don't help tend to disappear.
intrinsic value(Callicott (1980) in contrast to individualistic environmental ethics)
Value possessed in and of itself, not derived from contribution to something else; in Callicott's holism, attributed exclusively to the biotic community as a whole rather than to individual organisms