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    Identity claims only require sameness of *referent*, not ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Identity claims require that co-referring terms share all explanatory properties, but 'pain' and 'C-fiber firing' differ in their epistemic accessibility and explanatory roles.

    Identity claims only require sameness of *referent*, not sameness of *explanatory utility*. Different descriptions serve different explanatory purposes without undermining identity.

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    Key Terms

    Explanatory purposes(philosophy of science)
    The different reasons or goals we might have when trying to explain something—different contexts call for different types of explanations.
    Explanatory utility(what mathematicians might rely on to decide if math is real)
    How useful something is at helping us understand or explain the world; whether it makes our theories work better.
    Sameness of referent(metaphysics/logic)
    When two different words or descriptions are pointing to or naming the exact same object or thing.
    identity claims(in logic and metaphysics)
    Statements saying that two things are the same thing, or that something is what it is.
    referent(what Russell says is the sole meaning of proper names)

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    The actual thing in the real world that a word points to or stands for—for example, the referent of 'Abraham Lincoln' is the actual historical person.

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    Identity claims require that co-referring terms share all explanatory properties...

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    Identity claims require that co-referring terms share all explanatory properties...

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