If abstract grammatical concepts can emerge from learned weight configurations in neural networks, P5's restriction of empiricist mechanisms to surface regularities is empirically falsified.
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abstract grammatical concepts(in linguistics and philosophy of mind)
Rules about language structure that don't refer to concrete things—like understanding that 'the cat' and 'a cat' follow different grammatical patterns, even though you've never seen every possible cat.
surface regularities(in philosophy of science)
Observable patterns that you can directly see or measure—like noticing that sunsets happen at predictable times—as opposed to deeper structural rules beneath them.
weight configurations(in machine learning)
The specific arrangement of connection strengths inside a neural network after it has learned from examples; think of it like how a brain's synapses get stronger or weaker through experience.