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    If backward-looking considerations reliably track pattern... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Backward-looking reasons for adopting rules cannot count as genuine justifications within utilitarianism.

    If backward-looking considerations reliably track patterns that produce superior consequences when institutionalized, utilitarianism has systematic, not merely incidental, grounds to endorse them.

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    Key Terms

    Backward-looking considerations(as used in ethics and philosophy of punishment)
    Reasons for doing something based on what happened in the past, like punishing someone because they committed a crime (rather than because punishing them will prevent future crimes).
    Institutionalized(as describing a systematic way of achieving recognition, contrasted with Sartre's view)
    Established as a formal, official, or widespread practice within a society or system.
    Systematic grounds(as used in philosophical argument)
    Deep, fundamental reasons that are part of a consistent theory, not just accidental or lucky reasons that happen to work out.
    Utilitarianism(One of Sidgwick's three methods of ethics)
    The view that an individual self-evidently ought to aim at the maximum balance of happiness for all sentient beings present and future, whatever the cost to herself; also called Universalistic Hedonism

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    consequences(Contested definition within consequentialist theory)
    Future events caused by an act, where the scope depends on which notion of causation is used — either restricted to proximate effects or extended to all upshots for which the act is a causally necessary condition.

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