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    If cognitive structures are constitutive of the objects o... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Human cognition cannot access things as they are in themselves, regardless of the number or type of sense faculties possessed.

    If cognitive structures are constitutive of the objects of possible experience rather than merely subjective filters, the phenomenal/noumenal gap does not preclude genuine knowledge of objective structure.

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    Key Terms

    Cognitive structures(as used in epistemology (theory of knowledge))
    The mental frameworks and patterns your brain uses to organize and make sense of information from the world around you.
    Objective structure(as used in metaphysics and epistemology)
    The way things are actually organized and ordered in reality, independent of what any individual person thinks or feels about them.
    Objects of possible experience(as used in epistemology)
    Anything that could potentially be experienced or known through perception and thought.
    Phenomenal/noumenal gap(as used in Kantian philosophy)
    Immanuel Kant's idea that there's an unbridgeable divide between things as they appear to us (phenomena) and things as they really are in themselves (noumena)—meaning we can never know reality directly, only our perception of it.

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    Preclude(as used in logic and argumentation)
    To prevent something from happening or to rule something out.
    Subjective filters(as used in epistemology)
    Mental barriers or lenses that distort reality based on an individual person's unique perspective, rather than revealing how things actually are.
    constitutive(an alternative type of relationship the grounding relation might be)
    Describes how something is made up of or formed from basic components that define its essential nature.
    genuine knowledge(The standard other natural philosophers at the end of the seventeenth century continued to uphold, leading them to deny that explanations of natural phenomena qualify as knowledge)
    In the Aristotelian model, knowledge that achieves certainty through intuition and demonstration, as opposed to probable or uncertain explanations
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

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    Human cognition cannot access things as they are in themselves, regardless of th...

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