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    If concepts like harm, fairness, or welfare must anchor v... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Virtue ethical accounts are not undermined by the adequacy objection

    If concepts like harm, fairness, or welfare must anchor virtue attributions, then virtue ethics becomes explanatorily parasitic on rival frameworks such as consequentialism or contractualism.

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    Key Terms

    Fairness(as used in ethics)
    The principle that people should be treated justly and equally, without bias or favoritism.
    Virtue ethics(in philosophy)
    An approach to ethics focused on developing good character traits (virtues like courage or honesty) rather than following rules or calculating outcomes.
    anchor(Philosophy of religion; defining 'religion' via polythetic classification)
    A stipulated necessary property that a concept must possess in order to be considered a member of the category (e.g., religion), while not being sufficient on its own for category membership
    consequentialism(Applied to terrorism and legal punishment)
    The view that practices are judged solely by their consequences, such that a practice is wrong only if it has bad consequences on balance.

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    contractualism
    A moral theory presented as a genuine alternative to both consequentialism and Kantian ethics, one that coheres with distinctively non-utilitarian intuitions in certain key cases
    explanatorily parasitic(describes the problematic relationship between virtue ethics and other frameworks)
    When one theory depends on borrowing ideas from another theory to make sense, rather than standing on its own—like a parasite living off a host.
    harm(Used to evaluate whether failures to act constitute harms under the harm principle)
    Making someone significantly worse off than they would have been otherwise, assessed counterfactually relative to a baseline.
    welfare(Critique of Stein's strict health-welfare correlation)
    A subjective notion of well-being that is affected by multiple domains, not health alone.

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    Virtue ethical accounts are not undermined by the adequacy objection

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