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    If creaturely happiness were genuinely ultimate for God, ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The creature's happiness is an ultimate end, not merely a means to God's glory

    If creaturely happiness were genuinely ultimate for God, God's will would be partly constituted by contingent beings, compromising divine aseity as defended by Aquinas in Summa Theologiae I.19.

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    Key Terms

    Aquinas
    Thomas Aquinas was a medieval Italian priest and philosopher (1225-1274) who became one of the most influential thinkers in Western history. He attempted to show that Christian faith and human reason are compatible, arguing that we can use logic and observation to understand God and the natural world. His ideas deeply shaped Catholic theology and continue to influence how religious and secular institutions think about ethics, knowledge, and the relationship between science and belief.
    Constituted by(describing what conditions would make something true)
    Made up of or determined by; in this case, what things would need to happen for something to count as true.
    Divine aseity(philosophy of religion/theology)
    The idea that God is completely self-sufficient and independent—God doesn't need anything outside of God to exist or be God. 'Aseity' comes from Latin meaning 'from oneself.'
    Summa Theologiae(as a reference to a specific text)
    Aquinas's massive written work that systematically explains Christian beliefs and arguments—basically his attempt to answer major theological and philosophical questions.

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    Summa Theologiae I.19(as a citation to a specific philosophical argument)
    A specific section (Part 1, Question 19) of Aquinas's Summa Theologiae where he discusses God's will and how it relates to God's independence and perfection.
    Ultimate(as used in metaphysics)
    Fundamental or most basic; the deepest level of explanation or reality.
    contingent beings(Modal metaphysics)
    Beings whose existence is not necessary — they exist but could have failed to exist
    creaturely happiness(as used in theology and metaphysics)
    The well-being or flourishing of created beings (things that were made or brought into existence), as opposed to God's own happiness.
    will(Herbart's practical philosophy; distinguished from mere desire by cognitive determinacy and belief in attainability)
    A species of desire marked by determinate cognition and fixing of its object, combined with conviction that the object is attainable

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    The creature's happiness is an ultimate end, not merely a means to God's glory

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