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    If creaturely will possesses an irreducible self-determin... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→God alone is able to move the creaturely will as agent without violence (i.e., consistently with its voluntary nature).

    If creaturely will possesses an irreducible self-determining power (as Scotus's formal distinction and Molina's middle knowledge suggest), then no external agent—even God operating internally—can be the sufficient moving cause of its free acts without usurping that sovereignty.

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    Key Terms

    Creaturely will(as the subject of the statement about free choice)
    The ability of a created being (like a human) to make choices and decisions on its own.
    Middle knowledge(Core component of Molinism, as described in Marsh's reply to Maitzen)
    God's knowledge of what free creatures would freely do in counterfactual situations
    Molina (Luis de Molina)(as another historical figure who defended free will alongside God's power)
    A Spanish Jesuit philosopher (1535-1600) who developed a theory of how God's foreknowledge and human free will can both exist without contradiction.
    Scotus (John Duns Scotus)(The statement refers to his specific argument about knowledge)
    A medieval philosopher who developed arguments about how we know things, particularly about what counts as real knowledge versus just having beliefs.

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    Self-determining power(describing what kind of power creaturely will might have)
    The capacity to decide and control your own actions, rather than being completely controlled by outside forces.
    Sufficient moving cause(describing whether God could be the complete cause of free human actions)
    An external force or agent that is powerful enough on its own to make something happen or force someone to act.
    Usurping(describing what would happen to human sovereignty if God were the complete cause of our actions)
    To take over or seize something that rightfully belongs to someone else, typically without permission.
    external agent(as used in theology and causation)
    An outside force or being that can act on something—in this case, something other than God that might be able to stop the fire.
    formal distinction(Scotus's account of the relationship between nature and haecceity in a particular)
    A distinction between inseparable features that are nonetheless not identical — neither really distinct nor merely conceptually distinct
    irreducible(Personalist anthropology; distinguishes personhood from mere biological individuality)
    That which is unique and unrepeatable in each human being, by virtue of which a person is not merely an individual of a species but a personal subject.
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
    sovereignty(Cloots's argument for a single world state based on the logical properties of sovereignty itself.)
    A political concept that involves indivisibility, implying that there can be only one ultimate sovereign authority.

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    God alone is able to move the creaturely will as agent without violence (i.e., c...

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