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    If determinable universals cannot function as independent... — Carmelics
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    Supports→There are no irreducible determinable properties; all universals must be maximally determinate.

    If determinable universals cannot function as independent truthmakers, they lack the ontological standing required to count as irreducible universals in a sparse theory of properties.

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    Key Terms

    Determinable universals(as a metaphysical concept)
    General abstract properties (like 'color') that can take on many specific forms ('red,' 'blue,' etc.)—think of them as umbrella categories for more specific properties.
    Irreducible universals(metaphysics)
    Universal properties (like 'redness' or 'roundness') that exist as fundamental building blocks and cannot be broken down into simpler things.
    Ontological standing(what fusions of mental states lack)
    The degree to which something is considered to truly exist or have real status in the world; whether it's the kind of thing that actually counts as real.
    Ontology(Carnap argues this enterprise is based on a mistake)
    The philosophical discipline that tries to answer hard questions about what there really is.
    Sparse theory of properties

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    (metaphysics/ontology)
    A philosophical view that says only the most basic, essential properties actually exist in the world, rather than every conceivable property.
    truthmakers(as used in metaphysics and logic)
    In philosophy, a truthmaker is the thing in the world that makes a statement true. For example, the existence of snow is what makes the statement 'snow is white' true.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedModality & Possibility1 linked

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    There are no irreducible determinable properties; all universals must be maximal...

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