- Argument from sufficient reason(metaphysics/logic)
- Leibniz's principle that everything must have a reason or explanation for why it is the way it is. He used this to argue that identical things can't exist separately because there would be no reason to distinguish them.
- Identity of indiscernibles(One of the conclusions Leibniz derives using the PSR.)
- The principle that no two distinct entities can share all the same properties — if two things are indiscernible, they are identical.
- Leibniz
- Leibniz is a German philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s-1700s who developed calculus (a powerful math tool for measuring change and areas) independently around the same time as Isaac Newton. He's famous for creating much of the notation we still use in mathematics today and for arguing that everything in the universe follows logical principles. His ideas profoundly influenced modern science, mathematics, and philosophy, making him one of history's most important thinkers.
- Qualitative content(as used in philosophy of mind)
- The subjective, felt experience of something—like what redness looks like or what pain feels like from the inside—rather than just the physical facts about it.
- haecceity(Metaphysics of modality and personal identity)
- The property of being that very individual; for individual a, the haecceity is the property of being a
- individuation(Scholastic debate over the principle of individuation)
- The metaphysical explanation of what makes a particular thing a distinct individual rather than a universal or shared nature
- necessary truth(Mill's empiricist reinterpretation of modal concepts)
- A proposition whose denial seems inconceivable, explained by Mill not as a metaphysical fact but as a result of psychological association making the proposition deeply ingrained.