If 'on a par' is defined by the resistance to improvement tests, it faces the 'chaining argument': a series of pairwise 'on a par' judgments can transitively generate absurd outcomes, suggesting the relation lacks the formal properties required of a genuine value relation.

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Chaining Argument(Chang's argument that Mozart and Michelangelo are comparable via a sequence of sculptors of decreasing quality): An argument that uses a continuum of cases to establish comparability between two items by chaining pairwise comparabilities across the sequence
Formal properties(as what the passage argues can be shared across different beings): Characteristics or qualities that belong to something based on its structure or logical form, rather than its physical or material nature.
Value relation(as a type of logical comparison): A rule for comparing things based on how good or desirable they are—like determining whether one option is better, worse, or equal to another.
on a par(Chang's terminology for the parity relation): The relational status of two options A and B when parity holds: they are comparable but not ordered by the standard three relations

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