If our conceptual frameworks cannot represent non-visual experience, then empirical designs built from those frameworks will operationalize cognition in ways that exclude non-visual cognitive expression.

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Conceptual frameworks(as used in epistemology): The basic set of ideas, assumptions, and theories that people use to understand and interpret the world around them.
Empirical: # Empirical Empirical means based on real observation, experience, or experiments rather than theory or guessing. When something is empirical, it's proven by actually testing it or seeing it happen in the real world, not just thinking about it logically. For example, empirical evidence might be data collected from a survey or results from a scientific experiment that shows what actually occurs.
Exclude(as used in this philosophical argument): To leave out or prevent something from being included, recognized, or represented.
Non-visual experience(as used in epistemology and disability studies): Ways of knowing or perceiving the world that don't rely on sight—like touch, sound, smell, taste, or internal feelings.

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