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    If 'S knows that p' were context-sensitive, then two spea... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Knowledge-attributions are context-sensitive

    If 'S knows that p' were context-sensitive, then two speakers using it in different contexts to describe the same epistemic situation could both speak truly while contradicting each other, which is semantically incoherent.

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    Key Terms

    Epistemic situation(epistemology)
    The facts about what someone knows or believes, and the circumstances around that knowledge—basically, everything relevant to whether a person actually knows something.
    Knowledge (in philosophy)(epistemology)
    More than just true belief—philosophers define it as justified true belief, meaning you need evidence or good reasons to back up what you claim to know.
    Semantically incoherent(philosophy of language)
    When something doesn't make logical sense in terms of meaning—it violates basic rules about how language and truth work together.
    context-sensitive(Used to describe terms like 'I' and 'left' whose reference shifts with the context of use.)
    A term whose semantic value or referent varies depending on features of the context of utterance, such as the identity or orientation of the speaker.

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    epistemology(Contrasted with purely descriptive scientific inquiry)
    A normative enterprise that tells us how we ought to reason from evidence and how we ought to justify our beliefs, as distinct from merely describing how we do reason or justify beliefs

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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    Knowledge-attributions are context-sensitive

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