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    If sameness of worldly reference cannot account for this ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Sentences must signify more than just the understandings of their constituent terms

    If sameness of worldly reference cannot account for this semantic difference, then sentence meaning must include something like senses or understandings beyond mere reference to external states of affairs.

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    Key Terms

    External states of affairs(as used in philosophy of language)
    Facts or situations that exist in the real world outside of our minds.
    Sameness of worldly reference(as used in philosophy of language)
    When two different sentences or expressions point to or mean the same thing in the real world.
    Sense (or senses)(as used in philosophy of language)
    The way a word or sentence presents or describes something, as opposed to just what it points to; the 'how' rather than the 'what'.
    Worldly reference(as used in philosophy of language)
    What a word or sentence points to or stands for in the real world—basically, what it's about.
    semantic difference(in philosophy of language)

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    A difference in meaning between two words or phrases, even if they might refer to the same thing.
    sentence meaning(Distinguished from speaker meaning in the context of textual interpretation)
    The meaning encoded in a sentence independent of the specific communicative intention of the speaker or author.

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