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    If secondary causes have no real causal powers, then God ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→God alone is the only real cause.

    If secondary causes have no real causal powers, then God is directly responsible for every evil act, undermining any theodicy that relies on creaturely freedom or deficiency as the source of evil.

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    Key Terms

    Creaturely freedom(theology and philosophy of free will)
    The ability of created beings (like humans) to make genuine choices that aren't forced or predetermined by God or anything else.
    Deficiency (in this context)(philosophy of religion and ethics)
    A lack or weakness in something—here, the idea that evil exists because creatures are imperfect or limited, not because they choose wrongly.
    causal powers(Argued to be intrinsic features of the entity)
    The capacity of an entity to produce effects.
    secondary causes(Carroll's neo-Thomistic model of divine and natural causation)
    Natural creaturely causes that operate within the world; in Thomistic metaphysics, these are grounded in and dependent upon the primary cause
    theodicy

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    (Central concern of Plutarch's era)
    The philosophical problem of reconciling the existence of evil and unpunished wrongdoing with the existence and goodness of divine providence.

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    Causation1 linkedDivine Attributes1 linked

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    God alone is the only real cause.

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