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    If sufficient reasons were strictly demonstrations, the P... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→A sufficient reason, as Leibniz uses the term, is a proof that is both a demonstration and an explanation.

    If sufficient reasons were strictly demonstrations, the PSR would apply only to necessary truths, contradicting Leibniz's explicit extension of PSR to contingent facts and God's free choices.

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    Key Terms

    God's free choices(a key example Leibniz uses to show PSR applies beyond just necessary truths)
    According to Leibniz, the decisions God makes that are free (not forced) but still have reasons explaining them, like why God chose to create this particular universe.
    Leibniz
    Leibniz is a German philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s-1700s who developed calculus (a powerful math tool for measuring change and areas) independently around the same time as Isaac Newton. He's famous for creating much of the notation we still use in mathematics today and for arguing that everything in the universe follows logical principles. His ideas profoundly influenced modern science, mathematics, and philosophy, making him one of history's most important thinkers.
    PSR(Leibniz's domain-based characterization of logical principles)
    Principle of Sufficient Reason; governs the domains of metaphysics, natural theology, and physics
    contingent facts(Contrasted with necessary truths that metaphysics seeks to establish)

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    Facts that happen to obtain but could have been otherwise; the kind of fact that empirical investigation is capable of revealing
    demonstrations(Aristotle's classification of deductions in Topics I, i)
    Deductions that begin from true and primary premises, or are owed to such premises.
    necessary truths(Leibniz's argument for God's existence from eternal truths)
    Truths that hold independently of whether any finite minds exist to think them
    sufficient reasons(Contrasted with decisive reasons in debates about blameworthiness and rational compliance)
    Reasons that support performing an action without being decisive, i.e., without settling the question of what one ought overall to do.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedModality & Possibility1 linked

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    A sufficient reason, as Leibniz uses the term, is a proof that is both a demonst...

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