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    If the relevant theoretical boundary is polynomial versus... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Members of the second machine class do not provide realistic representations of the complexity costs involved in concretely embodied computation

    If the relevant theoretical boundary is polynomial versus superpolynomial growth, then cross-model invariance under polynomial simulation is sufficient realism for complexity-theoretic purposes.

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    Key Terms

    Complexity-theoretic purposes(specifying the field or context where this realism claim applies)
    Goals or questions related to complexity theory, which studies how difficult problems are to solve and how many resources (like time or memory) solutions require.
    Cross-model invariance(describing what doesn't change when switching between different theoretical approaches)
    A property that stays the same or remains consistent when you compare different systems or models to each other, even if those systems work in different ways.
    Polynomial growth(contrasted with super-polynomial growth in the statement)
    When something increases at a rate that can be expressed as a formula with terms like n, n^2, or n^3—essentially, a controlled, predictable speed of increase.
    Polynomial simulation(describing a method for comparing different theoretical models)
    Using one system or model to imitate another system's behavior in a way that only requires polynomial growth in resources (time, computing power, etc.)—meaning it stays manageable.

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    Realism (in epistemology)(discussing what counts as genuinely real for purposes of complexity theory)
    The philosophical view that something being studied actually exists or behaves in a real, meaningful way—not just as a helpful fiction or mental construct.
    Sufficient
    # Sufficient Something is sufficient when it is enough to achieve a goal or make something true. For example, having a valid driver's license is sufficient to legally drive a car—you don't need anything else. In everyday language, we use "sufficient" to mean "adequate" or "meeting the minimum requirement needed."
    Superpolynomial growth(comparing different rates of growth in complexity theory)
    A mathematical pattern where something increases much faster than polynomial growth—so fast that it becomes extremely hard to manage or compute. Exponential growth (like doubling repeatedly) is a common example.

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    Members of the second machine class do not provide realistic representations of ...

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