If utilitarian aggregation must track actual welfare gains across all dimensions (Sen 1980, 'Equality of What?'), then health improvements yield diminishing marginal welfare returns when other capability dimensions are already compromised.

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Amartya Sen(as a philosopher referenced in development economics): An Indian economist and philosopher who won the Nobel Prize for studying poverty and inequality. He's famous for arguing that true human well-being comes from what people are actually able to do and achieve, not just their income.
Capability dimensions(ethics and philosophy of well-being): Different areas of human life that matter for living well, like health, education, freedom, and relationships—not just money.
Compromised (in this context)(general usage): Damaged, weakened, or not functioning well—like when one part of your life is falling apart.
Diminishing marginal returns(as used in economics and research evaluation): The idea that as you add more of something (like research effort), each additional unit produces less benefit than the one before it—like how the 10th hour of studying helps you less than the 1st hour.

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