- Aggregate benefit(used to compare overall outcomes across multiple people)
- The total amount of good or improvement when you add up all the benefits together, rather than looking at individual cases separately.
- Rights(as what the theory aims to explain)
- Protections or entitlements that people (or groups) have—things others must respect or provide, like freedom of speech or the right to education.
- Utilitarian calculus(as the decision-making system that conflicts with perfectionism)
- A method of weighing different choices by measuring how much overall happiness or well-being each option produces, treating all pleasures as equally valuable if they feel equally intense.
- Utilitarianism(One of Sidgwick's three methods of ethics)
- The view that an individual self-evidently ought to aim at the maximum balance of happiness for all sentient beings present and future, whatever the cost to herself; also called Universalistic Hedonism
- property rights(Prompted by the breakdown of feudal land tenure and expansion of overseas trade)
- Legally and philosophically grounded entitlements to possess and control resources, formed through contract or social agreement in the early modern period
- redistribution(The passage notes identifying whether redistribution has occurred is difficult because implementers' purposes are often opaque)
- A change in the distribution of holdings (e.g., income or wealth) across a population, whether or not intentionally brought about
- welfare(Critique of Stein's strict health-welfare correlation)
- A subjective notion of well-being that is affected by multiple domains, not health alone.