Imagery like 'undying worm' in Isaiah 66:24, cited by Jesus in Mark 9, has been consistently interpreted by patristic and rabbinic traditions as indicating ongoing torment rather than annihilation.

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Isaiah 66:24(the biblical source being discussed for imagery about ongoing punishment): A specific verse from the biblical book of Isaiah (chapter 66, verse 24) that describes eternal punishment.
Mark 9(where Jesus is cited as bringing up this same imagery of torment): Chapter 9 of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament, where Jesus references the punishment described in Isaiah.
Patristic traditions(referring to how ancient Christian scholars interpreted biblical passages): The teachings and interpretations of early Christian church fathers (important thinkers from roughly the 2nd-8th centuries) who shaped Christian theology.
Rabbinic traditions(referring to how Jewish scholars traditionally understood biblical passages): Jewish interpretations and teachings based on the writings of rabbis (Jewish religious teachers and scholars) who developed Jewish law and theology over centuries.

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