In the Aharonov-Bohm effect, the vector potential encodes physically real information not captured by local field components alone, suggesting the electric field's component-count underdetermines the full physical ontology.

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Aharonov-Bohm effect(quantum mechanics / electromagnetism): The quantum mechanical prediction, experimentally confirmed, that an interference pattern due to a beam of charged particles can be produced or altered by the presence of a constant magnetic field in a region from which the particles are excluded
Local field components(as used in physics): The measurable parts of a force field that you can directly detect at a specific location—like measuring the strength of magnetism at one particular point.
Ontology(Carnap argues this enterprise is based on a mistake): The philosophical discipline that tries to answer hard questions about what there really is.
Physically real(as used in philosophy of physics): Actually exists in the world and has real effects, rather than being just a useful trick we made up for calculations.

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