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    Introducing complex predicates like 'E(x) ∧ S(x)' as prop... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The propositions expressed by 'Hesperus is bright' and 'Phosphorus is bright' have different fundamental constituents, even though Hesperus is Phosphorus.

    Introducing complex predicates like 'E(x) ∧ S(x)' as propositional constituents merely relocates the problem of sense-individuation rather than dissolving it, since those predicates themselves require distinct Sinne to differ.

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    Key Terms

    E(x) ∧ S(x)(in formal logic)
    Symbolic logic notation: 'E(x)' and 'S(x)' are placeholders for different properties that something might have, and '∧' means 'and,' so this represents something having both properties at once.
    Predicates(in logic and philosophy of language)
    Words or phrases that describe properties or characteristics of something—like 'is red' or 'is tall' in the sentence 'The ball is red.'
    Sense-individuation(in philosophy of language and meaning)
    The process of figuring out what makes one meaning or concept distinct from another—how we tell similar ideas apart.
    Sinne(in philosophy of language and reference)
    A German word (plural of 'Sinn') meaning 'senses' or 'meanings'—referring to the specific way something is understood or presented, developed by philosopher Gottlob Frege.

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    propositional constituents(what neo-Russellians believe are directly referential and context-independent)
    The basic building blocks that make up a proposition, or the smallest pieces of meaning that combine to form a complete thought.

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    The propositions expressed by 'Hesperus is bright' and 'Phosphorus is bright' ha...

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