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    Invariantist semantics holds that 'knows' expresses a sin... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→There is no single proposition expressed by the sentences used in the CP-based argument for Cartesian Skepticism

    Invariantist semantics holds that 'knows' expresses a single, context-independent relation between an agent, proposition, and evidential standard.

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    1 reason for
    1 reason against

    Reasons For

    1 perspective
    Reason for
    ?
    • 1.Knowledge attributions succeed across contexts without speakers adjusting meaning, suggesting 'knows' has stable semantic content.
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    • 2.Context-independent semantics avoids the problem of infinite regress when explaining what 'context' itself means or determines.
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    • 3.If 'knows' varied with context, disagreements about knowledge would be merely verbal rather than substantive disagreements.
      ?

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    Reasons Against

    1 perspective
    Reason against
    ?
    • 1.High-stakes contexts genuinely shift whether we attribute knowledge (bank case), not merely our reporting standards.
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    • 2.Quantifiers, modals, and adjectives show context-sensitivity is pervasive in natural language, so 'knows' likely does too.
      ?

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    • 3.A single evidential standard cannot explain why experts and lay speakers attribute knowledge differently for identical cases.
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    Related

    A single evidential standard cannot explain why experts and lay speakers attribu...Context-independent semantics avoids the problem of infinite regress when explai...High-stakes contexts genuinely shift whether we attribute knowledge (bank case),...If 'knows' varied with context, disagreements about knowledge would be merely ve...
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    Knowledge attributions succeed across contexts without speakers adjusting meanin...Quantifiers, modals, and adjectives show context-sensitivity is pervasive in nat...There is no single proposition expressed by the sentences used in the CP-based a...

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    claim
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    2 (1 for, 1 against)
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