John Hick's soul-making framework presupposes that epistemic distance from God is necessary for authentic virtue, yet this assumption leaves vast categories of suffering—animal pain, infant death, catastrophic natural disasters—entirely unaccounted for within the developmental logic he proposes.

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Authentic virtue(as what free will is supposed to enable): Genuine goodness or excellence of character that truly belongs to a person, not just behavior that looks good on the surface.
Developmental logic(as describing how Marx thought history follows a necessary progression): A pattern or set of rules explaining how and why something grows or changes over time in a predictable way.
Epistemic distance(described as necessary in Hick's framework): The separation or 'distance' between humans and God that prevents us from having direct, obvious proof of God's existence, leaving room for faith and choice.
John Hick(he is the philosopher being referenced for a specific theodicy): A 20th-century philosopher and theologian who developed the Irenaean theodicy—a theory that God allows evil to exist so humans can grow spiritually and develop morally.

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