Judith Jarvis Thomson's work on rights and risks demonstrates that whether an act imposes a rights-violating risk is determined by the nature of the imposition, not its expected utility.

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Judith Jarvis Thomson(philosophy history): A famous American philosopher who wrote influential work on ethics, rights, and legal responsibility, including ideas about how companies should be held accountable when many of them might share blame.
Nature of the imposition(as what DOES determine if something violates rights): The actual character and details of how an action affects someone—what specifically you're doing to them, and how you're doing it.
Rights(as what the theory aims to explain): Protections or entitlements that people (or groups) have—things others must respect or provide, like freedom of speech or the right to education.
Rights-violating risk(as the key concept being evaluated): An action that creates a dangerous situation where someone's basic freedoms or protections could be taken away or harmed.

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