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Inverse View
It is not the case that Kant's Formula of Humanity holds that rational beings must be treated as ends in themselves, never merely as means to another's self-realization.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
All social cooperation requires some instrumental use of others' talents and labor; the distinction between means and ends is too absolute.
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2.
The formula cannot specify what counts as 'merely' means; respecting autonomy often requires accepting people's choices to serve others' ends.
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3.
Duty to treat humans as ends conflicts with other moral demands like beneficence and justice that sometimes require prioritizing certain individuals.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Treating persons merely as means enables exploitation and violates their autonomy, which is fundamental to human dignity.
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2.
Rational agency is a morally relevant capacity that grounds special obligations to respect others' purposes and choices.
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3.
A moral system permitting instrumentalization of rational beings is self-defeating: it justifies treating the moral agent as a means too.
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