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    LoyalLoyalJusticeJustice
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    Kantian ethics demonstrates that moral reasons grounded s... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→From the perspective of virtue ethics, kindness and loyalty are moral reasons sufficient to justify helping a friend in hardship

    Kantian ethics demonstrates that moral reasons grounded solely in contingent relationships like friendship cannot achieve the universalizability required of genuine moral justification.

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    Key Terms

    Immanuel Kant(as the originator of this concept)
    An 18th-century German philosopher who developed major ideas about ethics, reasoning, and how we understand the world; he's famous for arguing that morality is based on universal rules that apply to everyone equally.
    Kantian ethics(as a theory of ethics)
    A moral philosophy based on Immanuel Kant's idea that actions are right when they follow universal moral rules (like 'don't lie'), regardless of whether they produce good outcomes.
    Moral justification(as used in ethics)
    A good ethical reason that explains why an action is right or acceptable.
    Moral reasons(as used in ethics)
    Ethical justifications or grounds that support why something is right or wrong.
    Universalizability

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    (One of Hare's two key formal features of moral language)
    The formal feature of moral judgments by which an 'ought' judgment commits the speaker to a general principle applicable to all relevantly similar cases, including hypothetical cases in which the speaker occupies a different role
    contingent(De Interpretatione 12–13)
    Equated with 'possible'; on the two-sided interpretation, contingency excludes necessity (possibility implies non-necessity).

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    Environmental Ethics1 linked

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