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    Keynes and Carnap both demonstrated that logical probabil... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Bayesian logic of evidential support does not require precise values for prior probabilities

    Keynes and Carnap both demonstrated that logical probability requires a determinate measure function over a structured language, making imprecision a formal deficiency rather than a permissible feature.

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    Key Terms

    Carnap
    Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) was a highly influential German-American philosopher who believed that many traditional philosophical problems could be solved by carefully analyzing the language we use to talk about them. He pioneered the idea that philosophy should work closely with science and mathematics, using precise logical methods to clarify confused thinking. His work fundamentally changed how philosophers approach their discipline, making language analysis and logical rigor central to philosophical practice.
    Formal deficiency(as used in logic)
    A flaw or weakness that breaks the rules or standards of a logical system, making it unable to work properly.
    Imprecision(as used in logic and mathematics)
    Lack of exactness or clarity; when something is fuzzy, ambiguous, or doesn't have a single definite meaning.
    Keynes(as a philosopher of probability and evidence)
    John Maynard Keynes was a 20th-century British philosopher and economist who developed ideas about how we should measure and think about probability based on the evidence we have available.

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    Measure function(as a technical concept in probability)
    A mathematical tool that assigns numbers (like 0 to 1) to different possibilities to show how probable each one is.
    Structured language(as a concept in logic and philosophy of language)
    A formal system of symbols and rules (like a carefully designed language) where every statement follows clear logical patterns.
    determinate(Contrasted with determinables; taken to be independently posited in the causal/ontological economy)
    A maximally specific instance of a determinable property (e.g., scarlet as a determinate of red)
    logical probability(The second logical relation examined, particularly relevant for empirical judgments)
    A degree of probability greater than 1/2 that a conclusion s has relative to a set of premises σ

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