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    Knowledge is not a distinct mental state but rather the m... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→A mental state can only count as knowledge if it satisfies conditions beyond what is required for that state to count as belief.

    Knowledge is not a distinct mental state but rather the most general factive mental state, making belief a derivative subspecies rather than a separate kind (Williamson, Knowledge and Its Limits).

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    Key Terms

    Derivative(in philosophy)
    Coming from or depending on something else, rather than being fundamental or primary.
    Knowledge and Its Limits(as the source of this philosophical statement)
    A major book published by Timothy Williamson in 2000 that challenges traditional theories of knowledge and argues for a new understanding of what knowledge really is.
    Mental state(philosophy of mind)
    A condition of your mind at a particular moment, like believing something, feeling afraid, or having a visual experience.
    Subspecies(as used in logic and classification)
    A subgroup or type within a larger category; like how a specific dog breed is a subspecies of dogs.
    Timothy Williamson(The other philosopher co-authoring the argument in this statement)

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    A prominent British philosopher known for work on knowledge, logic, and philosophy of language.
    factive(Used by Jary 2007 to argue that showing force entails having that force.)
    A property of a predicate such that its application entails the truth of its complement; if X shows P, then P is the case.
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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    A mental state can only count as knowledge if it satisfies conditions beyond wha...

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