Kripke's normative reading of Wittgenstein conflates the descriptivefact that uses can be evaluated against standards with the metaphysicalclaim that meaning itself is constituted by norms.
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Metaphysical claim(describing the type of claim about water and thought)
A statement about what really exists or what the fundamental nature of reality is, rather than just how things appear to us.
Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who fundamentally changed how people think about language and meaning in the 20th century. He argued that many philosophical problems arise from misunderstanding how words actually work in everyday life, rather than from deep metaphysical mysteries. His ideas influenced not just philosophy but also mathematics, logic, and even how people approach psychology and artificial intelligence today.
normative reading(as a type of philosophical interpretation)
An interpretation that focuses on how things *should* be or what the rules/standards are, rather than just describing what actually happens.
norms(Contrasted with natural laws in the context of historical explanation.)
Rules that, unlike natural laws, change from time to time and may be followed or disregarded.