Leibniz and classical theists argue that God's goodness is necessarily self-sufficient, precluding any external object—including creaturely welfare—from functioning as a co-ultimate end.

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Classical theists(as a group of thinkers with a specific perspective on God's nature): Philosophers and theologians who believe in a traditional view of God as all-powerful, all-knowing, and completely perfect.
Co-ultimate end(as describing a relationship between different goals or values): A goal or purpose that is equally important and fundamental as another goal—two things being equally valued as final purposes.
Creaturely welfare(as an example of what might be an external goal): The well-being, happiness, or flourishing of created things (like humans and other creatures), as opposed to God.
Leibniz: Leibniz is a German philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s-1700s who developed calculus (a powerful math tool for measuring change and areas) independently around the same time as Isaac Newton. He's famous for creating much of the notation we still use in mathematics today and for arguing that everything in the universe follows logical principles. His ideas profoundly influenced modern science, mathematics, and philosophy, making him one of history's most important thinkers.

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