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    Leibniz's pre-established harmony preserves genuine menta... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Finite human minds are not the source of motion in bodies.

    Leibniz's pre-established harmony preserves genuine mental causation within each substance's own series, making finite minds true sources of their representational and appetitive states.

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    Key Terms

    Appetitive states(the other type of mental state produced by a mind)
    Mental states involving desires, drives, and inclinations—what makes you want or seek things; the motivational side of the mind.
    Leibniz
    Leibniz is a German philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s-1700s who developed calculus (a powerful math tool for measuring change and areas) independently around the same time as Isaac Newton. He's famous for creating much of the notation we still use in mathematics today and for arguing that everything in the universe follows logical principles. His ideas profoundly influenced modern science, mathematics, and philosophy, making him one of history's most important thinkers.
    Mental causation(what the theories are trying to explain and save)
    The idea that our thoughts, beliefs, and feelings can actually cause things to happen in the physical world—like deciding to raise your arm and your arm rising.
    finite minds(One of three candidate causes of bodily movement in La Forge's argument)

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    Non-divine mental substances such as human minds, considered as a potential source of causal activity in bodies
    pre-established harmony(Leibniz's early career writings; introduced to resolve the tension between the independence of substances and the requirement that each represent the whole universe)
    A doctrine introduced on truth-theoretical grounds, holding that God, in his goodness and preference for a maximally harmonious world, has established that each substance truly represents all other substances in the universe, even though finite substances exist independently of one another.
    representational states(as what second-order volitions depend on)
    Mental states that are *about* something—like thoughts, beliefs, or ideas that represent or point to things in the world.
    substance(Spinoza's metaphysics; criteria include (i) necessity and (ii) self-subsistence)
    The fundamental existent that is wholly necessary and self-subsistent, not depending on anything else for its existence

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    Natural Theology1 linkedDivine Attributes1 linked

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    Finite human minds are not the source of motion in bodies.

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