Leibniz's reduction procedure presupposes that substitution of definitional equivalents preserves meaning, but Frege's puzzle shows co-referential terms are not always intersubstitutable salva veritate in all contexts.

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Frege's puzzle(Philosophy of language): The puzzle of explaining how two co-referential names (e.g., 'Hesperus' and 'Phosphorus') can appear to differ in cognitive or semantic content, given that they refer to the same object
Gottlob Frege(historical philosopher): A late 19th and early 20th-century German philosopher and logician who made fundamental contributions to understanding how language and meaning work.
Leibniz: Leibniz is a German philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s-1700s who developed calculus (a powerful math tool for measuring change and areas) independently around the same time as Isaac Newton. He's famous for creating much of the notation we still use in mathematics today and for arguing that everything in the universe follows logical principles. His ideas profoundly influenced modern science, mathematics, and philosophy, making him one of history's most important thinkers.
co-referential terms(as the type of terms Frege's puzzle focuses on)

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