- Goodman's Languages of Art(as a foundational work being cited as counterevidence)
- A famous 1968 book by philosopher Nelson Goodman that argues different art forms (music, painting, dance, etc.) are like different 'languages' with their own rules for creating meaning—not just direct copies of reality.
- Lessing(as the author being discussed)
- Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was an 18th-century German philosopher and critic who wrote influential essays about art, literature, and how different art forms communicate meaning.
- Medium (plural: media)(as the physical substance of artistic expression)
- The material or tool used to create art or communicate—like paint for painting, words for writing, or film for movies.
- Presupposes(as describing what Plantinga's argument takes for granted)
- Assumes something to be true without proving it—like how an argument might presuppose that logic works, without first arguing that logic is valid.
- Representational capacities(as the ability to convey meaning or depiction)
- An artwork's or medium's ability to show, depict, or stand for something else—for example, how a painting represents a person or how words represent ideas.
- homology(Phylogenetic biology)
- Similarity or identity among organisms regarded as the result of descent with modification from common ancestors, expressing shared evolutionary history