Macalester Bell's work demonstrates that the hard feelings internal to blame serve irreplaceable communicative and relationship-defining functions that purely cognitive accounts cannot replicate.

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Cognitive accounts(theories of blame that Bell argues are incomplete): Explanations that focus only on thoughts and judgments (what we believe or think) while ignoring emotions and feelings.
Communicative functions(what hard feelings do in relationships): Ways that something (in this case, emotions) helps us send messages or share information with other people.
Hard feelings(the emotional component of blame that Bell emphasizes): Negative emotions like anger, resentment, or hurt that arise when someone blames us or we blame someone else.
Macalester Bell(the philosopher whose work is being discussed): A contemporary philosopher who studies ethics and emotions, particularly interested in how blame works and what role feelings play in our relationships with others.
Relationship-defining functions

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