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    Medieval logicians distinguished ampliation, whereby tens... — Carmelics
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    Supports→Suppositional descent from universal statements to singular statements can yield false conclusions from true premises when proper names refer to non-men or deceased individuals

    Medieval logicians distinguished ampliation, whereby tensed or modal contexts expand reference beyond present existents, as a necessary condition for valid inference across temporal gaps.

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    Key Terms

    Existents(everything that comes into being through the process described)
    Things that exist or have being; all the stuff in the universe, from objects to ideas to people.
    Medieval logicians(as a historical group being referenced)
    Philosophers from roughly the 5th to 15th centuries in Europe who specialized in studying the rules of reasoning and how language works.
    Modal contexts(as used in logic and metaphysics)
    Situations in sentences where you're talking about possibility, necessity, or what could/must/might happen (as opposed to just stating plain facts).
    Temporal gaps(what ampliation allows us to reason across)
    Time periods or distances between moments—the problem of making logical connections between past, present, or future statements.
    Tensed contexts

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    (types of situations where ampliation applies)
    Sentences or statements that involve time—like talking about what happened yesterday or what will happen tomorrow—rather than just what's happening right now.
    ampliation(Medieval logic; applies to past-tense verbs, modal verbs, and certain other linguistic contexts)
    The extension of the subject of a proposition beyond presently existing supposita to include past, future, possible, or merely intelligible supposita
    reference(Distinguished from intension in the context of possible worlds semantics)
    The actual-world referent of an expression; what the expression picks out in the actual world.
    valid inference(Used within informal logic's definition of a good argument)
    A conclusion that follows from the premises

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    Philosophy of Language1 linked

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    Suppositional descent from universal statements to singular statements can yield...

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