Given this account, in which memory is seen merely as reproducing a past knowing experience, there is perhaps a sense in which the memory does not itself count as knowledge, any more than an exact reproduction of a Picasso counts as a Picasso. The Naiyāyikas state that memories lack ‘independence’. The idea, perhaps, is this. In general we establish the veracity of an experience by examining the way in which it was caused (my perception of the table is veridical, because my eyesight is good, the