Methodological incommensurability is too strong: scholarship regularly compares Platonic, Aristotelian, and Neoplatonic metaphysics while acknowledging differences in framework and assumptions.

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Aristotelian metaphysics(as used in history of philosophy): Aristotle's theory about reality, which disagreed with Plato: he argued that individual physical objects in the world we see are what's most real, not invisible abstract forms.
Neoplatonic metaphysics(as used in history of philosophy): A later version of Plato's ideas developed by philosophers like Plotinus, which kept the focus on non-physical forms but also tried to explain how they connect to the physical world.
Platonic metaphysics(as used in history of philosophy): Plato's theory about what reality is really made of—he argued that non-physical, eternal ideas or 'forms' are the truest things that exist, while the physical world we see is just a shadow of these forms.
framework(Carnap's philosophy of language and logic): A structured system of rules or language that must be in place for rational discourse to be possible.

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