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    Mill's account in 'Utilitarianism' ch. 5 explicitly groun... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Backward-looking reasons for adopting rules cannot count as genuine justifications within utilitarianism.

    Mill's account in 'Utilitarianism' ch. 5 explicitly grounds justice-claims, including desert, in the utility of security, showing backward-looking concepts are instrumentally integrated into utilitarian reasoning.

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    Key Terms

    Backward-looking concepts(the type of reasoning that desert represents)
    Ideas that focus on past actions and what happened before (like punishment for something you already did), rather than future consequences.
    Instrumentally integrated(how backward-looking ideas fit into utilitarian reasoning)
    Fitted together as useful tools or means to achieve a larger goal, rather than being valuable for their own sake.
    Justice-claims(what Mill is explaining through utility)
    Arguments or beliefs about what is fair, what people deserve, and what society owes its members.
    Mill(as the subject being discussed)
    John Stuart Mill was a 19th-century British philosopher who wrote influential ideas about liberty, happiness, and what makes a good life.
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    (a specific type of utility that Mill emphasizes)
    A stable, safe condition where people can feel protected and trust that rules and laws will be enforced fairly and consistently.
    Utilitarianism(One of Sidgwick's three methods of ethics)
    The view that an individual self-evidently ought to aim at the maximum balance of happiness for all sentient beings present and future, whatever the cost to herself; also called Universalistic Hedonism
    desert(Cited as a backward-looking basis for justice that utilitarianism cannot straightforwardly accommodate.)
    What a person merits or is owed based on their past actions or conduct.
    utility(Mill's qualification distinguishing his conception of utility from narrower hedonistic or preference-based interpretations.)
    Utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being — not mere immediate pleasure or preference satisfaction.

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    Backward-looking reasons for adopting rules cannot count as genuine justificatio...

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