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    Millian direct-reference theorists like Kripke and Salmon... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The propositions expressed by 'Hesperus is bright' and 'Phosphorus is bright' have different fundamental constituents, even though Hesperus is Phosphorus.

    Millian direct-reference theorists like Kripke and Salmon hold that the semantic content of a proper name just is its referent, making 'Hesperus' and 'Phosphorus' strict semantic duplicates.

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    Key Terms

    Hesperus and Phosphorus(as a historical philosophical reference)
    Two ancient names for the same celestial object (the planet Venus), used as a famous philosophical example because people didn't realize they referred to the same thing.
    Kripke
    Kripke refers to Saul Kripke, an influential American philosopher and logician known for revolutionizing how we think about names, meaning, and possibility. He argued that names like "Albert Einstein" refer directly to the actual person rather than through descriptions of their properties, which changed philosophy fundamentally. His work also introduced "possible worlds" as a way to understand concepts like necessity and possibility, making him one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century.
    Millian direct-reference theory(as used in philosophy of language)
    A theory of meaning stating that words directly point to the things they refer to, rather than through descriptions or mental images of those things.
    Salmon(The statement refers to his specific argument being evaluated)

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    David Salmon is a philosopher who wrote arguments about identity and how things remain the 'same thing' across different possible situations.
    Semantic duplicates(as used in philosophy of language)
    Two words or names that have exactly the same meaning—they contain the same information and refer to the same thing in the same way.
    proper name(Priscian's Latin grammar)
    A subdivision of the nomen that signifies a particular substance and its quality, and may also include apprehension of something common (an associated descriptive sense).
    referent(what Russell says is the sole meaning of proper names)
    The actual thing in the real world that a word points to or stands for—for example, the referent of 'Abraham Lincoln' is the actual historical person.
    semantic content(Cappelen and Lepore's literalist/minimalist framework)
    Propositions determined solely by conventions of meaning, precisification, disambiguation, and reference fixing — not by pragmatic inference.

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    The propositions expressed by 'Hesperus is bright' and 'Phosphorus is bright' ha...

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