Moonlighting proteins perform distinct functions with identical structures, demonstrating that structure underdetermines protein kind membership in functionally relevant classifications.

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Functionally relevant classifications(as used in philosophy of science and metaphysics): Ways of grouping things based on what they do or what job they perform, rather than what they look like. A classification is 'functionally relevant' if the purpose or function of something matters for deciding what group it belongs to.
Structure (in biology)(as used in molecular biology): The physical shape and arrangement of atoms that make up a molecule. Think of it like a building's blueprint—it describes what the thing is made of and how it's put together.
kind membership(as used in metaphysics/philosophy of language): Whether something belongs to a particular category or type (like whether something counts as 'gold' or 'water').
moonlighting proteins(Used as a counterexample to the claim that structure uniquely determines function in protein classification.): Proteins that perform multiple distinct biological functions despite having a single molecular structure.

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