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It is not the case that Moral catastrophes, such as a million deaths, are not really a million times more catastrophic than one death.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Each person who suffers harm suffers only their own harm, not the harm of others.
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2.
Harms to two persons cannot be combined into a single aggregate harm experienced by any one entity.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against 1 of 2
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1.
The badness of an outcome is not simply the sum of individual badnesses, as Parfit's 'Repugnant Conclusion' reveals aggregation produces morally absurd results.
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2.
If aggregation were valid, we would be obligated to sacrifice any individual for sufficiently large trivial gains to others, which violates basic moral intuitions.
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3.
Taurek's 1977 argument establishes that numbers do not count in isolation from whose interests and relationships are at stake in a given moral situation.
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Reason against 2 of 2
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1.
Each death is an absolute loss of an irreplaceable perspective, not a unit in a fungible quantity, as Nagel's account of agent-relative value demonstrates.
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2.
Catastrophic scale does not multiply moral weight linearly because threshold effects and diminishing marginal significance apply to collective harms, per threshold deontology.
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