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Inverse View
It is not the case that Moral goodness is constitutively linked to the genuine possibility of acting otherwise, as Kant and Frankfurt's own critics argue.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Frankfurt cases show agents can be fully morally responsible even when unable to act otherwise due to internal harmony with their desires.
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2.
Moral goodness may depend on agent's actual character/motives rather than metaphysical ability to do otherwise in identical circumstances.
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3.
The 'alternative possibilities' requirement conflates moral agency with metaphysical libertarianism, a contested empirical claim about causation.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Moral responsibility requires that agents could have acted differently; otherwise praise/blame are merely expressions of preference, not justified.
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2.
Determinism eliminates genuine alternatives, making moral agency illusory if moral goodness demands actual libertarian freedom.
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3.
Without alternative possibilities, moral development and self-improvement become unintelligible—we cannot be improved by exhortation.
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