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    Musgrave (1981) demonstrated that Friedman's 'as-if' reas... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Milton Friedman and like-minded economists argue for predictive goals in economics for policy reasons, not to resolve epistemological puzzles about unobservables.

    Musgrave (1981) demonstrated that Friedman's 'as-if' reasoning smuggles in a surrogate realism, revealing latent ontological commitments beneath the policy framing.

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