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Inverse View
It is not the case that Natural selection acts on reproductive success, not linguistic competence per se, making the fitness link indirect and underdetermined.
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1.
Communication ability directly affects mate choice, alliance formation, and offspring survival—making fitness linkage quite direct.
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2.
The universal, species-specific nature of language suggests strong selection, not mere byproduct status from other pressures.
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3.
Even 'indirect' fitness effects compound across generations; small communication advantages accumulate into significant selection pressure.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Many traits enhancing linguistic ability (long childhood, neoteny) evolved for other adaptive pressures, not language specifically.
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2.
Reproductive success depends on hunting, coalition-building, and status—skills only indirectly aided by linguistic competence.
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3.
Language could be a byproduct of selection for general cognitive flexibility rather than a direct fitness-enhancing adaptation.
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