Nel Noddings and Carol Gilligan argue that caring relations have intrinsic moral worth that generates non-fungible goods for the caregiver, meaning the asymmetry in P1 misrepresents the nature of the goods exchanged.

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Caring relations(in ethics): The bonds and interactions between people where one person attends to the needs and well-being of another, seen as morally important in themselves.
Carol Gilligan(as a key figure in care ethics): A psychologist and philosopher who argued that people (especially women) often make moral decisions based on caring relationships and responsibility to others, not just abstract principles of fairness.
Intrinsic moral worth(in ethics): Something that is valuable and right for its own sake, not because it leads to something else good—caring matters because caring itself is good, not just because it helps people.
Nel Noddings(as a key figure in ethics and care theory): A feminist philosopher who developed a theory of ethics based on the idea that caring relationships are fundamental to morality, rather than abstract rules or principles.

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